British Broadcasting Corporation

British Broadcasting Corporation Why For So Much of its History was British broadcasting organised as a public service? By way of introduction, it is important that I explain about the British Broadcasting Corporation, known otherwise as the BBC, in order to get a better insight to what I will be explaining further on. Being the first and the Worlds biggest broadcasting organisation, it has been known to be a public service broadcaster, which has been up and running since 1922, providing services on the internet, TV and radio. I should highlight the fact that when we talk about a â€Å"public service†, we mean services which have been provided to us via the government. Though according to Ofcom, (Office of Communications) a problem lies when we define this term, as it has 4 meanings attached to it. â€Å"Good television; worthy television; television that would not exist without some form of public intervention; and the institutions that broadcast this type of television.† (http://www.ofcom.org.uk/consult/) The BBC first started as a private company by manufacturers, whom in order to en courage their radio sales to the public, needed to go through a dependable foundation. The government therefore intervened in this new change, until 1926, when the Crawford Committee decided that the BBC should turn into a public corporation. The objective of this essay is to realise why the BBC has been linked with the public service for a great period of time. I will now begin the main part of the essay, where I will be discussing the history of the BBC followed by reasons to why it has been what it is. Firstly, let me shed light on the word broadcasting. Broadcasting is the transmitting of programmes to be heard simultaneously by an indefinitely large number of people-is a social invention, not a technical one. This form of conveying out messages started in the First World War, but was not yet completely recognised until the 1920s. Due to this recognition, in 1922 there was an increase in demand for applications in setting up broadcasting stations, which needed to be controlled. Quoted by one of the companys first employees, â€Å"the BBC was formed as an expedient solution to a technical problem. It owes its existence to the scarcity of air waves.† (Curran, 2003:110) In order to address the situation, rival manufacturers were persuaded by The Postmaster General to come together and join all the small broadcasting stations together into one station, which was The British Broadcasting Company. The BBC was to be financed by both tariffs and a licence fee, which after some time proved to be unsuccessful for the rapid expansion of the station. Listeners were building their personal sets with low-priced foreign components, and applying for new licenses. The BBC was not in favour of this and manufacturers were irritated that the production was not proving to be as cost-effective as it should have been. As a result of this, the Sykes Committee was established to help out. Two years later, the Crawford Committee accepted the essential need of a monopoly and proposed that the private company should be swapped with a â€Å"Public Commission operating in the National Interest.† (Curran, 2008:111) There were certain reasons to why the BBC was regulated, which we can consider. One of which, was that there was limited space on the frequency spectrum, which therefore meant that no organisations could appear freely without any government rule, so to limit this, the government had to step in. In other words, there were technological constraints. It was not technically possible to have numerous amounts of signals altogether, which could ultimately cause blockages. Further more, the Post Office were forcing all the electrical manufacturers to create a single system as it was finding it very difficult to control the private broadcaster who were transmitting messages freely without obtaining a licence from them. More over, being a more important reason was linked with the first managing director of the BBC, John Reith, whom believed that the aim of the BBC was to â€Å"inform, educate and entertain.† (Revue of the BBC Royal Charter, 2005:107) Being brought up within a Calvinism background, he viewed the world very differently and this increased his strengths and weaknesses on his view of broadcasting in general. â€Å"His duty as the managing director of a national company was to act in the national interest, which he interpreted along the lines of not broadcasting anything which might help to spread the strike and thus damage the nation.† (Sales, 1986:49) This quote therefore gives us the impression that according to Reith, the cultural life of Britain would improve, and whatever was to be shown should not only be done so to make the listeners happy, but at the same time to increase tastes and attitudes. Reith argued that the medium should be accessible to everyone, as he exp lained â€Å"There is no limit to the amount which may be drawn off. It does not matter how many thousands there may be listening; there is always enough for others.† (Curran: 2008, 113) For that reason, having a monopoly was crucial and support from the State was needed. Following on, we can also take the example of USA into account. The way in which the model of organisation was in USA was not accepted by Britain, as the Politicians thought it was inappropriate and were not fond of what they saw, and moved to other models. The way in which the BBC is funded needs to be examined as well. It is through the licence fee, under the Wireless Telegraphy Act, that enables the BBC to act in the public interest. This fee is paid by households and is undoubtedly a reason to why the BBC is a public service, as the public are paying and therefore the BBC should be publicly responsible. Apart from analysing some factors which donated to the function of a public service, the relationship which existed between the BBC and the State can be looked into as it could have a part to play in why the BBC was organised as a public service for so much of its history. The BBC was neither self-governing of, nor managed by the government and was sympathetic of any values and institutions that were given by parliamentary democracy. In general they had a good relationship between one another, but sometimes the bond between Reith and the state was unsettled. However, this did not stop both parties from taking into account â€Å"a shared interest in reaching a mutually acceptable modus vivendi.†(Khun, 2007:43) The General Strike in 1926 could also help to understand the relationship between the BBC and the State, due to it being a very crucial time for the BBC, as it was the first serious confrontation it had with the Government. This strike happened when the BBC was going through an important change. Due to the strike, which lasted for a period of nine days, newspapers were not being published and as result the whole country turned to the BBC. At this point in time the BBC was favoured by Winston Churchill, as he could see that the radio was a more adaptable method to communicate with the population and therefore asked the Prime Minister of that time, Stanley Baldwin to take control of the company. This decision was not in Reiths favour as according to him, the company was doing very well being independent with the public, whilst avoiding any control by the government. Nevertheless, this was not an unavoidable situation, as under the BBCs 1923 Wireless Broadcasting Licence, the governmen t had legal rights to have the BBC broadcast what it wanted. Before I finish off, it is worth noting that from the Second World War, it was an end of the BBC monopoly in broadcasting and a beginning of the duopoly, as ITV was then introduced. However, this did not stop the BBC from being highly regulated. It was still under government control. Due to the opening of ITV, there was an increase in the variety of broadcasting, which undoubtedly had caused competition between the BBC and its competitors. However, the BBC along with other public service channels were doing well, as they were â€Å"achieving the purposes of public service broadcasting† (Ofcom, Service Broadcasting Review:5) But we need to take into consideration the effect digital age will have on these methods of broadcasting. For example, consumers will have more choice, as they can watch or listen to whatever they wish via the internet. However it is considered that the BBC will â€Å"continue to make a strong contribution to the purposes of public service broadcasting, g iven its scale and the certainty of its finances to the end of digital switchover. (Ofcom, Service Broadcasting Review:6) As a final point, it is interesting to note that the only thing which comes close to the BBC in the UK is the NHS, both being a very unique and popular corporation, which has expanded an enormous amount since its first opening. BBC however started as a radio show and now provides eight TV services, ten national local radio stations and has the most admired website in the world. Therefore, what the future holds for the BBC is vital, as it is important that the Corporation keeps up to date with the digital age and technology, and more over the BBC should still remain to serve the citizens, especially the ones who pay for it through licence fees. According to the BBC Charter Review2006, the role of the BBC is â€Å"recognised and admired by the British public and extensive consultation on the future of the BBC has shown that the public want that role to continue† (Page 9) The Government have realised up to what level the publicly-funded broadcaster plays on everyday life, and as a result, it wants to keep it like this due to the gains license fee payers and society as a whole get out of it. In conclusion, it is possible to say that the BBC has had a positive outlook, being able to adapt to any change to audiences attitudes quite easily. It did remain a public service for a very long time until the 1980s, until the whole notion of public service was called into question. The Thatcher government wanted to test out the notion of public service with broadcasting, by introducing a new thought linked with consumer sovereignty. Nevertheless, the fact that the BBC stayed under government control for a period amount of time acting as a monopoly, showed that it was successful in many ways. Yet, there are contradictions which exist, as many believe that the BBC should be fully regulated by Ofcom, whilst others disagree with this fact, as to them Ofcom did not have the BBC in mind when it had its goals laid out and also it is a busy regulator. As a result of this, the solution is to make sure the BBC board of governors provide successful regulation of the BBC in order to prevent t he BBC being under Ofcom. Throughout this essay, I have explained factors to why for so much of its history the BBC was organised as a public service. In order to achieve an overall answer, we as readers need to reflect over the reasons to why it continued to have any input from the government, which I have previously discussed. There are no explanations which show us that the BBC was not doing well under regulation, as since its change from a private to a public corporation in 1926 till today, the BBC has been the most popular broadcasting company in the UK and should remain to do so in the future. Bibliography  · Curran, J. and Seaton, J. (2003, 6th edition) Power without responsibility, Routledge.  · Kuhn, R (2007) Politics and the Media in Britain, Palgrave.  · Sales, R. (1986) An Introduction to Broadcasting History, Longman.  · Ofcom, Service Broadcasting Review  · http://www.ofcom.org.uk  · www.bbccharterreview.org.uk A Public Service for all: The BBC in the digital age 2006.

Why Are Teenagers Stressed?

Why Are Teenagers Stressed? BY Testators Can you trust everything you see or hear now-a-days? The media Is full of constant propaganda, propaganda which brainwashes the minds of young people. Children as young as 3 are already worrying about their appearances, as seen on the television shows such as ‘Toddlers and Tiaras. ‘ I believe the media has a much stronger impact on teenagers than any other age group. Everywhere you go, there will always be that â€Å"look,† that celebrities have and that every young person aspires to look like.Teenage girls will go to all extents in order to achieve the media's perception of a beautiful woman, when in fact few teenagers know that what they are seeing In magazines and on billboards are not In fact real humans, but they are what society has created. When parents think their children are safe at home, they are wrong. Young people's minds are being filled with poison which is also known as the perfect image.Shows such as ‘ Keeping up with the Sardinian,' Toddlers and Tiaras,' ‘America's next top model,' ‘Jersey Shore,' and '16 and Pregnant,' are giving teenagers the wrong idea that you must be ‘slim, fake, very award, and covered In make-up' to be considered anything near beautiful. Shows such as these are giving the Impression that you must be a specific way to be successful and/or notorious. This already creates large numbers of very unconcealed women, as they feel they are not ‘beautiful, ‘because they are not covered in make-up.These types of situations create stress for teenagers as they feel they must look a certain way to be deemed beautiful. When asked, 87% of British teenagers claimed to be unhappy with their physiques and 64% of those under 13 had already turned to tenting In order to lose weight as stated by In the Dally Mall Newspaper article. Many teenagers are pressured by their families Into doing well in their GASES_ This makes them feel like they must do well in order to keep their families happy. I can speak from personal experiences when I say that I felt even more pressured because I knew that my family were expecting good grades from me.This creates a large amount of stress for teenagers as they feel they must do well in order to make their families proud and In order to go to university to get a good job. It is said by the majority of the elder generation that going to university means that you will have a better future as you will get a good Job, which entails a larger salary as opposed to someone who did not attend university. This is not necessarily true as people who do not attend university can still manage to get a well-paid Job. Also, family members may expect their child to do a specific profession which the child themselves does not want to do.This means that the teenager Is pushed into schools which allow the best support in he subjects which will open pathways to these careers. This can also create higher levels as s tress as teenagers are being forced Into doing a subject they do not wish to do, which makes it more challenging to succeed, thus creating more stress. The teenagers which come from working class families, unfortunately, have it a lot harder than those that come from middle class or upper class families. A working class teenager may be pressured by their families to get a job as soon as possible in order to help out their living situation.This can create stress because distributing enough mime for school and work can not only be exasperating but It can also be difficult. At the case for those which come from working class families. Not only can teenagers be stressed from working, they can also be stressed as they are being put into a situation where money is a problem and they are constantly living under the threat that certain necessities may be cut off due to an outstanding bill payment or something as extreme as being kicked out the house. Society has a large impact on the amount of stress that a teenager has.By society I mean all things surrounding hem, media (as I previously discussed), friends, and the general public. Whether you want to admit it or not, everywhere you go, everything you do, you are always being judged, by everyone. Many people are aware of this whilst others aren't. The fact that we live in a country where everyone is Judged by the color of their skin, the way they present themselves and by their appearances makes it a more difficult place to fully be accepted. This applies stress to young people as they feel they need to be accepted in society by becoming something that they are now.The factor which disheartens me the most is that in society you are expected to be a specific way In order to be accepted and if you are anything other than ‘perfect,' you are looked upon as ‘morally wrong. ‘ Which leads me onto my next point, the general public (specifically the older generation) has generalized teenagers as being anti-so cial and rude when in fact only a minority of teens are actually this. By generalizing an age group based upon a few individuals can make it more challenging for the younger generation to speak their mind and have their voices heard.This also creates stress by making teenagers feel as if they are not important because of what they are depicted as. To sum up, teenagers have many reasons to feel like they have a build-up of stress, but I believe the two main factors are family and education as most of teenagers spend the majority of their time either in school and/or in the presence of their families. This means that they are constantly being told what to do, what to achieve and what is expected of them. Which makes life as a teen more difficult than it needs to be.

About the Usonian Vision of Frank Lloyd Wright

The Usonian house — the brainchild of American architect Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959) — is the embodiment of an idea for a simple, stylish small house of moderate cost designed especially for the American middle class. It is not so much a style as a type of residential architecture. Style is important, wrote Wright. A style is not. When looking at a portfolio of Wrights architecture, the casual observer might not even pause at the Jacobs I house in Madison, Wisconsin — the first Usonian house from 1937 looks so familiar and ordinary compared with Wrights famous 1935 Fallingwater residence. The Kaufmanns’ Fallingwater in the Pennsylvania woods is not a Usonian, yet, Usonian architecture was another obsession of the famous Frank Lloyd Wright in the last decades of his long life. Wright was 70-years-old when the Jacobs house was finished. By the 1950s, he had designed hundreds of what he was then calling his Usonian Automatics. Wright didnt want to be known solely as an architect of the rich and famous, although his early residential experimentation in Prairie house design had been subsidized by families of means. The competitive Wright quickly became interested in affordable housing for the masses  Ã¢â‚¬â€ and doing a better job than the catalog companies like Sears and Montgomery Ward were doing with their prefabricated house kits. Between 1911 and 1917, the architect teamed up with Milwaukee businessman Arthur L. Richards to design what became known as American System-Built houses, a type of prefabricated small, affordable home easily and quickly assembled from ready-cut materials. Wright was experimenting with grid design and a less labor-intensive construction process to create beautifully designed, affordable dwellings. In 1936, when the United States was in the depths of the Great Depression, Wright realized that the nations housing needs would forever be changed. Most of his clients would lead more simple lives, without household help, but still deserving of sensible, classic design. It is not only necessary to get rid of all unnecessary complications in construction... wrote Wright, it is necessary to consolidate and simplify the three appurtenance systems — heating, lighting, and sanitation. Designed to control costs, Wrights Usonian houses had no attics, no basements, simple roofs, radiant heating (what Wright called gravity heat), natural ornamentation, and efficient use of space, inside and out. Some have said that the word Usonia is an abbreviation for United States of North America. This meaning explains Wrights aspiration to create a democratic, distinctly national style that was affordable for the common people of the United States. Nationality is a craze with us, Wright said in 1927. Samuel Butler fitted us with a good name. He called us Usonians, and our Nation of combined States, Usonia. Why not use the name? So, Wright used the name, although scholars have noted that he got the author wrong. Usonian Characteristics Usonian architecture grew out of Frank Lloyd Wrights earlier Prairie style home designs. But most importantly, perhaps writes architect and writer Peter Blake, Wright began to make the Prairie house look more modern. Both styles featured low roofs, open living areas, and built-in furnishings. Both styles make abundant use of brick, wood, and other natural materials without paint or plaster. Natural light is abundant. Both are horizontally inclined — a companion to the horizon, wrote Wright. However, Wrights Usonian homes were small, one-story structures set on concrete slabs with piping for radiant heat beneath. The kitchens were incorporated into the living areas. Open carports took the place of garages. Blake suggests that the modest dignity of the Usonian homes laid the foundation for much modern, domestic architecture in America yet to come. The horizontal, indoor-outdoor nature of the popular Ranch Style home of the 1950s is anticipated by the realization of the Usonian. Blake writes: If one thinks of space as a sort of invisible but ever present vapor that fills the entire architectural volume, then Wrights notion of space-in-motion becomes more clearly understandable: the contained space is allowed to move about, from room to room, from indoors to outdoors rather than remain stagnant, boxed up in a series of interior cubicles. This movement of space is the true art of modern architecture, for the movement must be rigidly controlled so that the space cannot leak out in all directions indiscriminately. — Peter Blake, 1960 The Usonian Automatic In the 1950s, when he was in his 80s, Frank Lloyd Wright first used the term Usonian Automatic to describe a Usonian style house made of inexpensive concrete blocks. The three-inch-thick modular blocks could be assembled in a variety of ways and secured with steel rods and grout. To build a low-cost house you must eliminate, so far as possible, the use of skilled labor, wrote Wright, now so expensive. Frank Lloyd Wright hoped that home buyers would save money by building their own Usonian Automatic houses. But assembling the modular parts proved complicated — most buyers ended up hiring pros to construct their Usonian houses. Wrights Usonian architecture played an important role in the evolution of Americas midcentury modern homes. But, despite Wrights aspirations toward simplicity and economy, Usonian houses often exceeded budgeted costs. Like all of Wrights designs, Usonians became unique, custom homes for families of comfortable means. Wright admitted that by the 1950s buyers were the upper middle third of the democratic strata in our country. Usonian Legacy Beginning with a house for a young journalist, Herbert Jacobs, and his family in Madison, Wisconsin, Frank Lloyd Wright built more than a hundred Usonian houses. Each house has taken on the name of the original owner — the Zimmerman House (1950) and Toufic H. Kalil House (1955), both in Manchester, New Hampshire; the Stanley and Mildred Rosenbaum House (1939) in Florence, Alabama; the  Curtis Meyer House (1948) in Galesburn, Michigan; and the Hagan House, also known as Kentuck Knob, (1954) in Chalk Hill, Pennsylvania near Fallingwater. Wright developed relationships with each of his clients, which was a process that often began with a letter to the master architect. Such was the case with a young copy editor named Loren Pope, who wrote to Wright in 1939 and described a plot of land he had just purchased outside of Washington, D.C. Loren and Charlotte Pope never tired of their new home in northern Virginia, but they did tire of the rat race surrounding the nations capital. By 1947, the Popes had sold their home to Robert and Marjorie Leighey, and now the home is called the Pope-Leighey House — open to the public courtesy of the National Trust for Historic Preservation. Sources The Usonian House I and The Usonan Automatic, The Natural House by Frank Lloyd Wright, Horizon, 1954, pp. 69, 70-71, 81, 198-199Frank Lloyd Wright On Architecture: Selected Writings (1894-1940), Frederick Gutheim, ed., Grossets Universal Library, 1941, p. 100Blake, Peter. The Master Builders. Knopf, 1960, pp. 304-305, 366Chavez, Mark. Prefabricated Homes, National Park Service, https://www.nps.gov/articles/prefabricated-homes.htm [accessed July 17, 2018]American System-Built Homes, Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation, https://franklloydwright.org/site/american-system-built-homes/ [accessed July 17, 2018] SUMMARY: Characteristics of a Usonian Home one story, horizontal orientationgenerally small, around 1500 square feetno attic; no basementlow, simple roofradiant heating in concrete slab floornatural ornamentationefficient use of spaceblueprinted using a simple grid patternopen floor plan, with few interior wallsorganic, using local materials of wood, stone, and glasscarportbuilt-in furnishingsskylights and clerestory windowsoften in rural, wooded settingsUsonian Automatics experimented with concrete and patterned concrete blockdesigned by Frank Lloyd Wright

Essay on How Lanugage is Encouraged in the Montessori...

TABLE OF CONTENT pages I. Essay Writing _________________________________ 2 II Essay Bibliography _________________________________ 9 III Book Summary (Chapter 17) __________________________ 10 IV Book Summary (Chapter 10) __________________________ 13 V Book Summary _______________________________ 16 ESSAY The environment necessary for the development of language can be†¦show more content†¦The environment has been created in a safe manner for the children, and they are aware of their own needs. Respect for the child. We will allow them to retain their dignity at all times. Greeting and dismissing the child with a handshake and eye contact encourages the use of grace and courtesy. Showing affection to children is essential to their sense of security and emotional growth. Invariably, there is a great form or order, freedom and independence in such a prepared class. Montessori nursery classroom comprises of several different areas; Practical life, Sensorial, Language, Mathematics and Cultural. And lessons are given in three formats: Class presentations: meetings, games, music, movement, stories, and poetry Small group lessons: small groups of children gather for a common lesson Individual lessons: Tutorial, remedial and accelerated work Language lies at the root of that transformation of the environment that we call civilization. It is developed and refined all through the formative years of a child. Language has it rules, order and formation. Although, from birth, the child absorbs sounds all through the ages of zero to three years unconsciously, This helps in the development of speech in the later ages of three to six years because the child must naturally hear the sounds in use among its class or environment retain in his mind and reproduces it as sound. The sound heard through the